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History Timeline Index



499                          Athenian red-figure pottery

                                GRECO-PERSIAN WARS +   (499-449)

                                Roman Siege of Fidenae

                                Romans capture Crustumeria

                                Praenests secedes from Latins to Rome

                                Ionian cities revolt against Persian rule with Athenian support

                                Titus Aebutius +-                 (Rome)                                                   (499)       Consul

                                Gaius Vetusius +-                 (Rome)                                                   (499)       Consul

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

498                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Quintus Cloelius +-              (Rome)                                                   (498)       Consul

                                Titus Larcius +-                    (Rome)                                                   (498)       Consul

                                Amyntas I -                           (Macedon)

                                Alexander I +                        (Macedon)

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

497                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Roman Temple of Saturn dedicated - first celebration of Saturnalia (Livy)

                                Aulus Sempronius +-          (Rome)                                                   (497)       Consul

                                Marcus Minucius +-            (Rome)                                                   (497)       Consul

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

496                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Battle of Lake Regillus - Romans defeat the Tarquin faction for good

                                Aulus Postumius +-             (Rome)                                                   (496)       Consul (2nd Dictator)

                                Titus Verginius +-                (Rome)                                                   (496)       Consul

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Sophocles                                                                             496-406

495                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Roman temple is dedicated to Mercury (5/15)

                                --------------------------------------------------------

                                Tarquin Superbus dies in exile at Cumae

                                Roman tribes increased to twenty-one

                                Volscians and Hernici clamor for war against Rome

                                Appius Claudius +-             (Rome)                                                   (495)       Consul

                                Publius Servilius +-              (Rome)                                                   (495)       Consul

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Protagoras                                                                             495-410

                                Zeno                                                                                       495-430

494                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Miletus destroyed by Darius I - Ionian revolt crushed

                                Plebians in Rome revolt and win political rights from patricians

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*   

493                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Treaty between Rome and Latin League for defence against Etruscans

                                Themistocles +                     (Athens)                                archon

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

492                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Mardonius leads Persian invasion of Greece - fleet destroyed by storm

                                Themistocles -                      (Athens)                                archon

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

491                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Ajatashatru +                        (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

490                          Figure of Herakles from east pediment of Temple of Aphaia

                                Apollo of Veii

                                GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Battle of Marathon - Persian expedition against Athens defeated (9)

                                Second Persian expedition against Greece

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Empedocles                                                                           490-430

489                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

488                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

487                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Athenian archons now selected by lot  - decline of Areopagus

486                          Tomb of Darius I - Naqsh-I Rustam (Persepolis)

                                GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Darius I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

485                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Xerxes I demands tribute from Greek states - most is refused

                                Darius I -                                (Persia)                                                   (522-485) King                                      PC 23*

                                Xerxes I +                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

484                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Aeschylus wins his first prize for tragedy

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Herodotus                                                                             484-420                   Historian

483                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Siddhartha Gautama                                                      ca. 563-483                    Founder of Buddhism

482                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

481                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

480                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                FIRST SICILIAN WAR +-   (480)        Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Battle of Thermopylae - Greek rearguard destroyed (8/11)

                                Battle of Salamis - Greeks fleet defeats Persians (9)

                                ------------------------------------------------------

                                Third Persian Expedition - Xerxes invades Greece with 180,000 men

                                Battle of Artemesium

                                Themistocles sole general

                                Battle of Himera - Carthaginian invasion of Sicily defeated

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Antiphon                                                                               480-411

                                Gorgias                                                                                  480-375

                                Euripides                                                                               480-406

479                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Battle of Platea - Greek army defeats Persian army

                                Battle of Mount Mycale - Persian fleet is destroyed

                                Persian Wars end

                                Persia loses Macedon, Thrace, and Cyrenaica

                                Athens and Piraeus fortified

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                K'ung Fu-tzu (Confucius)                                                   551-479

478                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Delian League established to liberate Greek cities from Persian control

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

477                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Athens starts rise to power

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

476                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                SPRING and AUTUMN PERIOD -                    (770-476)

                                Archidamus II +                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Ji Gai (Jing Wang) -             (China)                                                   Spring and Autumn

475                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                WARRING STATES PERIOD + (476-221)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I +                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Ji Ren (Yuan Wang) +         (China)                                                   Spring and Autumn

                                Parmenides - opposition of reality (changeless) to appearance (changing)

                                Heraclitus of Ephesus                                                         540-475

474                          Delphic Charioteer

                                GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                LATE CHOU +   (474-250)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

473                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

472                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

471                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

470                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Themistocles ostracized

                                Carthaginian leader Hanno sails down African coast as far as Cameroon

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

469                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Ji Ren (Yuan Wang) -          (China)                                                   Spring and Autumn

                                Socrates                                                                                 469-399

                                Parmenides of Elea                                                               539-469

468                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR +   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Zhending +                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) King (Ji Jie)          Spring and Autumn

                                Mahavira                                                                               540-468

                                Simonides                                                                              556-468

467                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Land taken from Volscians in Antium divided among plebeian families - many hold out for land closer to Rome

                                Quintus Fabius invades Aequian territory - Aequians surrender but soon after invade Latium

                                Titus Aemilius +-                 (Rome)                                                   (467)       Consul

                                Quintus Fabius +-                (Rome)                                                   (467)       Consul

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

466                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Second year of Roman campaign against Aequians

                                Battle of Eurymedon - Delian League led by Cimon defeats Persia

                                Quintus Servilius +-             (Rome)                                                   (466)       Consul

                                Spurius Postumius +-          (Rome)                                                   (466)       Consul

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I ...                              (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

465                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Third year of the Roman campaign against the Aequians

                                Fabius' envoys to Aeqiuans are rebuffed as they send a force against Romans at Algidus

                                Battle of Algidus - both consular armies send Aequians on their heels

                                Roman Census: 104,714 (Livy 3.3)

                                Quintus Fabius +-                 (Rome)                                                   (465)       Consul

                                Titus Quinctius +-                (Rome)                                                   (465)       Consul

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Xerxes I -                               (Persia)                                                   (485-465) King (Achaemenid)            PC 24*

                                Artaxerxes I +                        (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

464                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Rome at war against combined Volscian/Aequian/Roman defector force

                                Massive earthquake in Peloponnese devastates Sparta

                                Cimon's 4000 hoplite force of assistance declined by Spartans - wary of democratic reforms in Athens

                                Aulus Postumius Albus +- (Rome)                                                   (464)       Consul

                                Spurius Furius Fuscus +-   (Rome)                                                   (464)       Consul

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

463                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Plague in Rome kills thousands, including the two consuls for the year

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

462                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Ajatashatru ...                       (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

461                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Cimon ostracized from Athens

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pericles +                               (Athens)                                                (461-429)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Ajatashatru -                         (Magadha Empire)                               (491-461) King

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

460                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Age of Pericles begins (-429)

                                First Peloponnesian War (460-451)

                                Egyptians rebel against Persian rule

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

                                Democritus                                                                            460-360  

                                Hippocrates                                                                          460-377

                                Thucydides                                                                           460-400

                                Panini                                                                                     520-460      Indian Grammarian (Gandhara)

                                Themistocles                                                                        524-460

459                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR ...   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

                                Lysias                                                                                    459-380

458                          Agamemnon (Aeschylus)

                                Oresteia (Aeschylus)

                                GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                THIRD MESSENIAN WAR -   (468-458) Helot Revolt against Sparta

                                Beginning of Pericles' predominance

                                Sparta negotiates truce with the helots end of third Messenian War

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Line)

                                Pleistoanax +                         (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

457                          Temple of Zeus (Olympia)

                                GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                The "long walls" secure Athens from attack by land

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

456                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

                                Aeschylus                                                                             525-456

455                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

454                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Treasury of Delian League moved to Athens

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Alexander I -                         (Macedon)

                                Perdiccas II +                        (Macedon)                                            (454-413)  King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

453                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Warring States in China (453-221)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

452                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

451                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Five Years' Peace between Athens and Sparta

                                Officials' salaries paid by state in Athens

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

450                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS ...   (499-449)

                                Twelve Tables of Rome, early code of Roman Law

                                Herodotus visits Egypt

                                Carthage develops new trading centers along north and west African coasts

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

                                Alcibiades                                                                             450-404

                                Aristophanes                                                                        450-388

449                          GRECO-PERSIAN WARS -   (499-449)

                                Peace of Callias - Athens makes peace with Persia - end of Persian Wars

                                Sacred War between Athens and Sparta over control of the oracle at Delphi (449-448)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

448                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

447                          Parthenon construction begins - work of the architect Ictinus

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

446                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres I ...                                (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

445                          Thirty Years Peace - between Athens and Sparta (446)

                                Lex Canuleia -  permits intermarriage between patrician and plebian orders (Roman)

                                Nehemiah the Prophet rebuilds walls of Jerusalem

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Teres -                                    (Odrysian Thrace)                                (475-445) 1st King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

444                          Consuls temporarily replaced by military tribunes in Rome         

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

443                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

442                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending ...                           (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441) 28th King (Ji Jie) Spring and Autumn

441                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Zhending -                            (Eastern Zhou)                                     (468-441)28th King (Ji Jie) Spring & Autumn

                                Ai +-                                       (Eastern Zhou)                                     (441)       Warring States

                                Si  +-                                       (Eastern Zhou)                                     (441)       Warring States

440                          Plebians in Rome win right to marry patricians

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao +                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Antisthenes                                                                          440-370

                                Yang Chu                                                                              440-360

                                Epicharmus                                                                           530-440

439                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

438                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Pindar                                                                                     522-438

437                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

436                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Isocrates                                                                                436-338  

435                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Aristippus of Cyrene                                                           435-356

                                Phidias                                                                                   500-435

434                          Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Xenophon                                                                             434-355

433                          Athens intervenes with Corcyra against Corinth

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

432                          Parthenon construction complete

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

431                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR +   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)

                                Peloponnesian War starts - Archidamian phase (431-421)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

430                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)

                                Plague at Athens (430-429)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles ...                              (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Empedocles                                                                           490-430

                                Zeno                                                                                       495-430

429                          Oedipus Rex (Sophocles)

                                Acropolis construction complete

                                PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)

                                Pericles dies of the plague

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Pericles -                                (Athens)                                                                (461-429)

                                Cleon +                                  (Athens)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

428                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)

                                Archidamus II ...                   (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Archytas of Tarentum                                                         428-347

                                Anaxagoras of Clazomemae                                               500-428

427                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)

                                Archidamus II -                    (Sparta)                                                  (476-427) King (Eurypontid Dynasty)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao ...                                     (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

                                Plato                                                                                       427-347

426                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War (431-421)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Kao -                                      (Eastern Zhou)                                     (440-426) King (Ji Wei)        Warring States

425                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)  

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I ...                       (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Ji Wu (Wei Lie Wang) +     (China)                                                   Warring States

424                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)

                                Xerxes II of Persia assassinated

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Artaxerxes I -                         (Persia)                                                   (465-424) King (Achaemenid)            PC 25*

                                Xerxes II +-                            (Persia)                                                   (424) King (Achaemenid)

                                Sogdianus +                          (Persia)                                                   (424-423) King

423                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Sogdianus -                           (Persia)                                                   (424-423) King

                                Darius II +                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

                                Cratinus                                                                                 520-423

422                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War  (431-421)

                                Cleon and Spartan general Brasidias killed at Amphipolis

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

421                          Porch of the Erechthion (Acropolis) (421-407)

                                PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)  First Phase -Archidamian War - (431-421)

                                Peace of Nicias - between Athens and Sparta - ends Archidamian Phase of Peloponnesian War

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

420                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

                                Herodotus                                                                             484-420  

419                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

418                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

417                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

416                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Melos destroyed by Athens

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

415                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                War between Athens and Sparta resumes

                                Syracusan expedition (415-413)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

414                          Iphigenia in Tauris (Euripides)

                                PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II ...                       (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

413                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Athenian attack on Sicily fails - major defeat in which most of their ships are destroyed

                                Spartans establish fort in Attica

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Perdiccas II -                         (Macedon)                                            (454-413) King

                                Archelaus +                          (Macedon)

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

412                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

                                Diogenes                                                                               412-323

411                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                Revolution in Athens - Government of the Five Thousand siezes power - but democracy restored

                                Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

                                Antiphon                                                                               480-411

410                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR +   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Alcibiades defeats Spartans off Cyzicus

                                Democracy restored in Athens

                                Pleistoanax ...                        (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

                                Protagoras                                                                             495-410

409                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Carthage invades Sicily

                                Pleistoanax -                          (Sparta)                                                  (458-409) King (Agaid Line)

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

408                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

                                Eudoxus                                                                                 408-355

407                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Alcibiades, Athenian general, quells revolt of subject states

                                Battle of Notium

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

406                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Battle of Arginusae Islands - Athenians fleet defeats Spartan fleet

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

                                Euripides                                                                               480-406

                                Sophocles                                                                             496-406

405                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR ...   (431-404)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Battle of Aegospotami - last major battle of Peloponnesian War - Lysander's navy defeats Athenian navy

                                Egypt revolts from Persia

                                Egypt XXVII -

                                Egypt XXVIII +

                                Dionysius I +                        (Syracuse)

                                Darius II ...                             (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*

404                          PELOPONNESIAN WAR -   (431-404)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Greek cities in Asia Minor given back to Persians

                                Peloponesian War ends

                                Spartan hegemony in Greece (-371)

                                Athens falls to Spartans

                                Alcibiades assassinated in exile

                                Government of the Thirty Tyrants

                                Amyrtaeus of Sais +            (Egypt XXVIII)                                     Pausiris                 

                                Darius II -                              (Persia)                                                   (423-404) King (Achaemenid)            PC 26*                                   

                                Artaxerxes II +                      (Persia)                                                   (404-358) King (Achaemenid)            PC 27*

                                Alcibiades                                                                             450-404

403                          SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Warring States period in China (-221)

                                Tripartition of the Jin State

                                Pausanius restores democracy in Athens

                                Artaxerxes II ...                      (Persia)                                                   (404-358) King (Achaemenid)            PC 27*

402                          SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Democratic reaction led by Thrasybulus

                                Artaxerxes II ...                      (Persia)                                                   (404-358) King (Achaemenid)            PC 27*

                                Ji Wu (Wei Lie Wang) -      (China)                                                   Warring States

401                          Anabasis (Xenophon)

                                SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Expedition of Ten Thousand

                                Artaxerxes II ...                      (Persia)                                                   (404-358) King (Achaemenid)            PC 27*

                                Ji Jiao (An Wang) +             (China)                                                   Warring States

400                          SECOND SICILIAN WAR ...   (410-340)            Carthage vs. Magna Grecia (Syracuse)

                                Athens defeated by Sparta - decline of democracy in Greece

                                Spartan intervention in Asia Minor (-394)

                                Retreat of the Ten Thousand - Battle of Cunaxa - Ataxerxes II defeats Greek army under Xenophon

                                Navigation advances among Pacific islands  

                                Olmec culture declines at La Venta  

                                Artaxerxes II ...                      (Persia)                                                   (404-358) King (Achaemenid)            PC 27*

                                Praxiteles                                                                               400-330

                                Thucydides                                                                           460-400






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